<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.3/JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd"><article xml:lang="en" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="methods-article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="issn">2607-9917</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Noble</journal-title><abbrev-journal-title>jon</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2607-9917</issn><issn pub-type="ppub">2607-9917</issn><publisher><publisher-name>JATS Editor Publisher</publisher-name><publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.2020.1585</article-id><article-categories><subj-group><subject>Computer sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Artifical Intelligence</subject></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Ecological Impact of Climate Change on Coastal Ecosystems</article-title><subtitle>Dampak Ekologis Perubahan Iklim terhadap Ekosistem Pesisir</subtitle></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0001-0002-6982-9631</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">7012345367</contrib-id><name><surname>W</surname><given-names>Robert</given-names></name><address><country>Albania</country><phone>+355 123456789</phone><email>Robert@exampleojt.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF-1"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF-2"></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor-0"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0007-7929-0797</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">7012345389</contrib-id><name><surname>Kino</surname><given-names>Tino</given-names></name><address><country>Japan</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF-2"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="AFF-1">University Of Del Conseta, Canada</aff><aff id="AFF-2"><institution-wrap><institution>Giovanni Armenise-Harvard Foundation</institution><institution-id institution-id-type="ror">https://ror.org/04q644746</institution-id></institution-wrap><country country="US">United States</country></aff><author-notes><fn fn-type="coi-statement"><label>Conflict of Interest</label><p>The authors declare that they have no competing interests.</p></fn><corresp id="cor-0">Corresponding author: Robert W, University Of Del Conseta, Canada. Giovanni Armenise-Harvard Foundation, United States.  Email: <email>Robert@exampleojt.com</email>. Phone number: <phone>+355 123456789</phone></corresp></author-notes><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-21" publication-format="electronic"><day>21</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="collection" iso-8601-date="2024-12-31" publication-format="electronic"><day>31</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>2</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title>Proceeding Conference</issue-title><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>10</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-12-10"><day>10</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd" iso-8601-date="2024-12-11"><day>11</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-12-20"><day>20</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2024 The Author(s).</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder>JATS Editor Publisher</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</ali:license_ref><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="http://212.28.181.61/3310/index.php/jats/article/view/8" xlink:title="Ecological Impact of Climate Change on Coastal Ecosystems">Ecological Impact of Climate Change on Coastal Ecosystems</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Subject</title><p>Global warming refers to the increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land, primarily caused by human activities such as the emission of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). This phenomenon has become an urgent global environmental issue due to its extensive impacts on ecosystems, human health, and the economy.</p></sec><sec><title>Method</title><p>This study employed a mixed-methods approach to examine the causes, impacts, and mitigation strategies related to global warming. Both quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques were used to ensure comprehensive findings.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>This study highlights that global warming remains one of the most pressing challenges of the 21st century, driven primarily by increasing greenhouse gas emissions and unsustainable human activities. The analysis of climate data confirmed a consistent rise in global average temperatures, along with associated impacts such as sea level rise and extreme weather events. Survey findings further indicated that while public awareness of global warming is relatively high, gaps remain in translating this awareness into consistent sustainable practices.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>global</kwd><kwd>warming</kwd><kwd>article</kwd><kwd>demo</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement>This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. The study was conducted independently by the authors with personal resources allocated for data collection and analysis.</funding-statement><open-access><p>This article is published under an open access license. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</p></open-access></funding-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>File created by JATS Editor</meta-name><meta-value><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://jatseditor.com" xlink:title="JATS Editor">JATS Editor</ext-link></meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-created-year</meta-name><meta-value>2024</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>The phenomenon of global warming has emerged as one of the most pressing environmental challenges of our time. Over the past century, industrialization, deforestation, and the relentless burning of fossil fuels have significantly altered the Earth’s climate system. The accumulation of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) in the atmosphere has led to a steady rise in global temperatures <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-2">[2]</xref>  .</p><p>This warming trend is not merely a scientific observation but a reality with far-reaching implications. From erratic weather patterns and rising sea levels to devastating impacts on biodiversity and human health, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-1">[1]</xref>  the consequences of global warming are being felt across the globe (Change, n.d.). While some regions experience unprecedented heatwaves and droughts, others face increased flooding and storms, highlighting the uneven and unpredictable nature of these changes <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-5">[5]</xref>  ; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-6">[6]</xref>  .</p><p>This paper aims to explore the causes, impacts, and potential solutions to global warming, emphasizing the urgency of collaborative action. By addressing the root causes and implementing effective strategies, humanity can mitigate the worst effects of global warming and safeguard the planet for future generations.</p><media ignoredToc="" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lFlu60qs7_4" id="media-1"><label>Video 1</label><long-desc>Estimation of the average first size of gonad mature fish can be estimated by separating the immature gonad groups (TKG I and II) and the gonad mature groups (TKG III, IV, and V).</long-desc></media></sec><sec><title>Method</title><p>To tackle the complex issue of global warming, a thorough literature review was conducted. Various sources, including scientific journals, reports from international organizations, government publications, and academic books, were carefully examined to gather the most current and relevant information on global warming, its causes, consequences, and strategies for mitigation and adaptation <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-7">[7]</xref>  ; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-8">[8]</xref>  ; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-15">[15]</xref>  ; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-17">[17]</xref>  . The collected data were systematically organized and synthesized to form the basis of this detailed analysis. Key findings and insights from the literature were analyzed to develop a comprehensive understanding of the different aspects of global warming, from its scientific foundations to its societal implications <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-20">[20]</xref>  ; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-21">[21]</xref>  .</p><p>GSI was determined applying the formula</p><p><inline-formula><tex-math id="math-1"><![CDATA[ \documentclass{article} \usepackage{amsmath} \begin{document} \displaystyle \displaystyle GSI(\%)=\frac{GW}{BW} \times 100 \end{document} ]]></tex-math></inline-formula></p><p>Where :</p><p>GW=gonad weight (g)</p><p>BW=body weight (g)</p><p>Estimation of the average first size of gonad mature fish can be estimated by separating the immature gonad groups (TKG I and II) and the gonad mature groups (TKG III, IV, and V). The method used to determine the size of the first mature gonads is the Sperman-Karber:</p><p><inline-formula><tex-math id="math-2"><![CDATA[ \documentclass{article} \usepackage{amsmath} \begin{document} \displaystyle \displaystyle m=\left( xk + \frac{x^2}{2} \right) \cdot \left( x \sum p_i \right), \text{ dan antilog } m=m \pm 1,96 \sqrt{x^2 \sum \left( \frac{(p_i k_i)}{(n_i - 1)} \right)} \end{document} ]]></tex-math></inline-formula></p><p>with <italic>m=</italic> the log length of fish at maturity first gonad, <italic>xk</italic> =the log mean the last long class of fish has been gonad maturity, <italic>x</italic> =the log increase length at the middle value, pi=the proportion gonadal mature fish at length class i with the number of fish in the <italic>i</italic> length interval, ni=the number of fish in the long class to <italic>i, qi=1 – pi,</italic> and <italic>M</italic> =length the first time the fish matures the gonads are as big asantilogue m.</p><disp-quote><p>The purpose of life, after all, is to live it, to taste experience to the utmost, to reach out eagerly and without fear for newer and richer experience.</p><p>Eleanor Roosevelt</p></disp-quote><disp-quote><p>Nothing is impossible, the word itself says “I’m possible!"</p><p>Author</p></disp-quote><p>An in-depth examination was carried out into the human activities responsible for increased greenhouse gas concentrations. This included reviewing energy production and consumption patterns, industrial processes, deforestation rates, land-use changes, and agricultural practices, all of which significantly contribute to global warming <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-36">[36]</xref>  . To assess the environmental impacts of global warming, a multidisciplinary approach was employed <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-34">[34]</xref>  ; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-38">[38]</xref>  . Climate models and observational data were analyzed to understand temperature rise, ice melt, sea-level rise, <xref rid="BIBR-44" ref-type="bibr">[44]</xref>  ; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-45">[45]</xref>  ; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-46">[46]</xref>  changes in precipitation patterns, and the increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. The ecological consequences, such as shifts in species distribution and biodiversity loss, were also explored in detail.</p></sec><sec><title>Result and Discussion</title><sec><title>Causes of Global Warming</title><fig id="figure-1" ignoredToc=""><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Temperature</p></caption><p>The temperature in London is currently 12°C.</p><graphic mime-subtype="png" mimetype="image" xlink:href="https://demo.openjournaltheme.com/classy/article/download/48/version/41/216/1063/jon-2-1-1-g1.png"><alt-text>Image</alt-text></graphic></fig><sec><title>Greenhouse Gas Emissions</title><p>Industrial activities, transportation, and fossil fuel combustion are among the largest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions globally. Factories and power plants that burn coal, oil, or natural gas release significant quantities of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. These facilities not only power industries but also generate electricity for residential and commercial use <xref rid="BIBR-43" ref-type="bibr">[43]</xref>  .</p><p>Transportation, another major source, involves the combustion of fossil fuels in cars, trucks, airplanes, and ships. Internal combustion engines predominantly rely on gasoline or diesel, releasing CO2 and other pollutants during operation. Moreover, the shipping industry contributes to emissions of sulfur oxides and black carbon, compounding the environmental impact <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-42">[42]</xref>  ; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-44">[44]</xref>  ; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-27">[27]</xref>  .</p></sec><sec><title>Deforestation</title><p>Deforestation reduces the Earth's ability to absorb CO2.</p></sec></sec><sec><title>Impacts of Global Warming</title><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p><bold>Climate Change</bold> : Weather patterns become erratic, with more frequent and extreme events such as storms, droughts, and floods.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Rising Sea Levels</bold> : Melting polar ice caps lead to rising sea levels, threatening coastal areas.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Ecosystem Disruption</bold> : Many species face extinction due to rapid habitat changes.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Health Impacts</bold> : Higher temperatures increase the risk of diseases such as malaria and heatstroke.</p></list-item></list></sec><sec><title>Data on Global CO2 Emissions</title><p>below shows global CO2 emissions from 2000 to 2020:</p><table-wrap id="table-1" ignoredToc=""><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Deforestation reduces the Earth's ability to absorb CO2.</p></caption><table rules="all" frame="box"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Social-Ecological System Components</th><th align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Result Indicators</th></tr><tr><th valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Symbol</th><th valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="6">Resource systems (RS)</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">RS1</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">Utilization of resources as cultural services</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">RS2</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Ecosystem area</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">RS3</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">Resource threats</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">RS3.1</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Destructive activity</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">RS3.2</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Various waste</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">RS3.3</td><td colspan="1" valign="top" align="left">Natural disasters</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="5">Resource units (RU)</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">RU1</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">Ecosystem type (e.g., beach, coral, seagrass)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">RU2</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Diversity of fish resources</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">RU3</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Economic valuation value of resources</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">RU3.1</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">Resource investment</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">RA3.2</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">Value of tourist number</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="7" valign="top">Resource actors (RA)</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">RA1</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Private sector</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">RA2</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">Investors</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" valign="top" align="left">RA3</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Government agencies</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">RA4</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Tourism awareness group (Pokdarwis)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">RA5</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">SEZ employees</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">RA6</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">Community independent of cultural services</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">RA7 RA8</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">Micro small and medium enterprises (MSME) Fisherman</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="6" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Resource governance (RG)</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">RG1</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Institutional structure and typology (e.g., SEZ management)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">RG2</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">Policy Document</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" valign="top" align="left">RG3</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Cultural service activities</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">RG4</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Facility construction</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">RG5</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">Support program</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">S1</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">Population growth</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="4">External factors comprise socio-economic and political settings (S) and related ecosystem (ECO)</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">S2</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Local government revenue</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">S3</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Political stability and regional policies</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">ECO1</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Climate change and seasons</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" valign="top" align="left">O1</td><td colspan="1" valign="top" align="left">Community income</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="3" valign="top">Action-Situation comprise feedback interaction and outcomes (O)</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">O2</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Public welfare</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">O3</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Labor absorption and productivity</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">O4</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Ecosystem quality</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>Source: Research data analysis results <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-29">[29]</xref></p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><p>Example Data for Table :</p><table-wrap id="table-2" ignoredToc=""><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Data is form <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-2">[2]</xref></p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Author and Years</th><th valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Country</th><th valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Parents</th><th align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">Children</th><th align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">Type of Disability</th><th valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Aim of Study</th><th align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">Qualitative methods and analysis</th><th align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">Theme</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-3">[3]</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">China</td><td colspan="1" valign="top" align="left">N=26 parents Mother (13) Father (7) Grandparents (5) Uncle (1) Gender Male (9) Female (17)</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">N=26 Children Type Autism (5) Intellectual Disability (7) Cerebral Palsy (4) Fragile X syndrome (5) Down Syndrome (5)</td><td colspan="1" valign="top" align="left">Developmental disabilities</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">To describe the perceptions that Chinese families of children with developmental disabilities have pertaining to their needs</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with transcript analysis</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Survival needs</p></list-item><list-item><p>Sufficiency needs Enhancement needs</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-32">[32]</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Iran</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">N=10 elderly parents Gender Female (5) Male (5) aged (60–72 years)</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">N=10 children</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">Intellectual disabilities</td><td colspan="1" valign="top" align="left">To describe the unpleasant and bitter experiences of the elderly parents of children with intellectual disability.</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Unstructured in-depth interviews with phenomenological analysis</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Inappropriate behavior toward the child in the society, the society’s failure to support the child with intellectual disability,</p></list-item><list-item><p>Sorrows experienced by parents, the child’s problems.</p></list-item><list-item><p>barriers in the care of children with intellectual disability.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Limitations due to aging.</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-9">[9]</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Australia</td><td colspan="1" valign="top" align="left">N=11 parents</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">N=11 Children Down Syndrome (7) Cerebral Palsy (3) Unspecified (1) Gender Male (8) Female (3) Age (1 – 6)</td><td colspan="1" valign="top" align="left">Intellectual disability (Down Syndrome, Cerebral Palsy)</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">To explore the information needs of parents of infants with an intellectual disability in the first year of life.</td><td colspan="1" valign="top" align="left">Semi-structured interviews c with descriptive thematic analysis</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>The infant’s condition.</p></list-item><list-item><p>The infant’s specific needs</p></list-item><list-item><p>Available supports and ser vices</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" valign="top" align="left">United States</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">N=15 fathers</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">N=15 children Deafblind (11) Autism (4) Age (3-21)</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">Complex Disabilities: Deafblind and Autism</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">To investigate fathers’ construction of their involvement in their children’s education</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Semi-structured interviews with content analysis</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>It’s different than with your other kids: Constructing fathering of children with complex disabilities.</p></list-item><list-item><p>How do you balance that? Fathers’ work experiences and school involvement, and</p></list-item><list-item><p>Tag team: Co-parenting relationships and fathers’ school involvement.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Identified that explored the intersections between fathers’ work experiences and co- parenting relationships in their school involvement experiences.</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-2">[2]</xref></td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">Norway</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">Forty-four parents (26 mothers, 18 fathers)</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">31 children with a range of disabilities Type Cerebral Palsy (12), GMFCS, Acquired brain Injury (2), Intellectual Disability (17 Gender Male (18) Female (13) Age (6-17)</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">Cerebral Palsy, GMFCS, Acquired brain Injury, Intellectual Disability</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">To explore how an ecological intervention encourages parents of children with disabilities to develop as facilitators, to enable ongoing physical activity participation in a child’s local environment</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">Semi-structured interviews with grounded theory</td><td colspan="1" valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Active ingredients of the intervention that enabled learning and empowerment to transpire.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Parent learning and empowerment as a process,</p></list-item><list-item><p>Related outcomes</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top"><xref rid="BIBR-4" ref-type="bibr">[4]</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">British</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">N=4 fathers Age (30-59)</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">N=5 children Gender Boy (4) Girl (1) Age (5-14)</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">Learning disabilities</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">To get as close as possible to understanding the experience of these fathers in their role as carers</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Semi-structured interview with interpretative phenomenological analysis</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Fatherhood: not doing enough, not doing it right”.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Crossing worlds: relearning how to communicate and reclaiming fatherhood.</p></list-item><list-item><p>"Uncertain futures."</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-22">[22]</xref></td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">UK</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">N=7 older fathers Age (61-68)</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">N=7 children Gender Female (4) Male (3) Age (28-37)</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Intellectual disability</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">To gain a more in depth understanding of older father carers’ experiences of parenting.</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Semi-structured interviews with constructivist grounded theory analysis</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Wearing different hats: how fathers’ sense of identity had altered over the years.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Family comes first”: importance placed on the family unit.</p></list-item><list-item><p>“Getting on in years”: the challenges faced by ageing fa theirs parenting their son/daughter</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-16">[16]</xref></td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">USA</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">N=28 fathers</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">N=28 Children Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (12) ASD/ID (n=16)</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">Children with autism spectrum disorder with or without intellectual disability</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">To examine perceptions of parenting roles and father– child rela tionship quality in fathers of children with asd and asd/id.</td><td colspan="1" valign="top" align="left">Interview with phenomenological analysis</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Pre-birthexpectations</p></list-item><list-item><p>Adjustments</p></list-item><list-item><p>Experiences</p></list-item><list-item><p>Co-parenting</p></list-item><list-item><p>Quality of father–child relationships</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-5">[5]</xref></td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">Ethiopia</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">N=14 mothers and 4 fathers Age 25-50</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">N=14 Intellectual Disability 6=Autism primary diagnosis while the other four autistic children exhibited delays in one or more areas of development, such as language, motor skills, or cognitive abilities. Gender: Female 5 Male 13</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">Development disorder</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">To explore perceptions and experiences of stigma among parents of children with dd in ethiopia and examine the contributing and protective factors for internalised stigma based on the perspectives of the parents themselves</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">in-depth interviews with using thematic analysis</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Courtey stigma</p></list-item><list-item><p>Affiliate stigma</p></list-item><list-item><p>Perceived consequence of stigma</p></list-item><list-item><p>Parents'positive social experiences/or lack of stigma</p></list-item><list-item><p>Factors influencing affiliate stigma.</p></list-item><list-item><p>perceived family support and acceptance</p></list-item><list-item><p>increased awareness about dd</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-19">[19]</xref></td><td colspan="1" valign="top" align="left">South Africa</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">N=14 fathers mean age of 41</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">N=14 children Gender Female (1) Male (13)</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Dyspraxia<italic>(physical disability)</italic></td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">To explore the subjective challenges that fathers experience in parenting a child that presents with dyspraxia in the cape metropole area</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Semi-structured individual interviews with thematic analysis</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Health literacy</p></list-item><list-item><p>Helplessness</p></list-item><list-item><p>Circumscribed interactions</p></list-item><list-item><p>Schools’ acquiescence</p></list-item><list-item><p>Lack of support</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-19">[19]</xref></td><td colspan="1" valign="top" align="left">Spanish</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">N=7 young fathers Age (36-49)</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">N=9 children with various diagnoses. Gender Male (7) Female (2) Age (1 -14)</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">Children with various diagnoses (hearing impairment, 1P36 deletion syndrome, Down syndrome, Mowat Wilson syndrome, ADHD accompanied by high abilities and oppositional defiant disorder, and ASD)</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">To explore the perception and experience of fathers of children with disabilities in caring for their children; to know their role and how these tasks impact their daily life, health and physical, mental and/or emotional well-being.</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Semi-structured interviews with discourse analysis</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Shared responsibilities</p></list-item><list-item><p>Somewhat difficult to fit in</p></list-item><list-item><p>Either you join or you split.</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-24">[24]</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">England</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">N=6 mothers Age (35 – 60)</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">N=6 Children Age (3-18)</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Children with learning disabilities (LD)</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">To explore how parents experienced caring for their child with LD and procedural anxiety in hospital.</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">Semi-structured interviews with interpretative phenomenological analysis</td><td colspan="1" valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Going it alone: parents were extremely proactive in managing their child's anxieties, but some also felt highly pressurized and isolated.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Inconsistency and uncertainty: parents experience consist ency and uncertainty in their children’s care from health care professionals which led toanxiety and frustration.</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-42">[42]</xref></td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">Norway</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">N=7 fathers</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">N=7 children</td><td colspan="1" valign="top" align="left">Intellectual disability diagnosis; three with co- morbid conduct disorders. Two children had a diagnosis of progressive nature, one with physical manifestations, the other with both intellectual and physical manifestations.</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">To explore men’s experience of being a father in families with childhood disability.</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">Semi-structured interviews with conventional content analysis</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Children’s needs in the fatherchild relationship,</p></list-item><list-item><p>Fathering behavior perceived to meet children’s needs,</p></list-item><list-item><p>Factors perceived to influence father behaviors, and</p></list-item><list-item><p>psychological wellbeing among fathers</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-43">[43]</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Ethiopia</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">N=14 mothers and 4 fathers Age 25-50</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">N=14 Intellectual Disability 6=Autism primary diagnosis while the other four autistic children exhibited delays in one or more areas of development, such as language, motor skills, or cognitive abilities. Gender: Female 5 Male 13</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Autism, cerebral palsy, Intellectual Disabilities, ADHD</td><td align="left" colspan="1" valign="top">To explores the experiences of parents) raising children with developmental disabilities in urban and rural Ethiopia</td><td colspan="1" valign="top" align="left">Interviews with thematic analysis</td><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Socio-cultural beliefs influenced recognition of and responses to delays/differences.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Nuanced and diverse family relationships and social life.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Multiple and intersecting struggles</p></list-item><list-item><p>‘My child is my jewel’: parents’ faith, positive outlook, and hope.</p></list-item></list></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>Transitioning to renewable energy sources like solar and wind'</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></sec><sec><title>Solutions to Address Global Warming</title><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p><bold>Reducing Emissions</bold> : Transitioning to renewable energy sources like solar and wind'</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Reforestation</bold> : Increasing tree planting to absorb CO2.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Energy Efficiency</bold> : Adopting energy-saving technologies in industrial and household sectors.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>International Cooperation</bold> : Implementing global agreements such as the Paris Agreement.</p></list-item></list></sec><sec><title>Visualization of Global Warming</title><fig id="figure-2" ignoredToc=""><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>this is temperature by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-42">[42]</xref></p></caption><p>research <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-45">[45]</xref>  ; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-45">[45]</xref></p><graphic mime-subtype="png" mimetype="image" xlink:href="https://demo.openjournaltheme.com/classy/article/download/48/version/41/216/1064/jon-2-1-1-g2.png"><alt-text>Image</alt-text></graphic></fig></sec></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Global warming is a significant challenge requiring collective and sustained action. By reducing greenhouse gas emissions and implementing appropriate solutions, we can mitigate the impacts of global warming and protect our planet for future generations.</p></sec></body><back><sec sec-type="author-contributions"><title>Authors’ Contributions</title><p>All authors have contributed to the final manuscript. SHS; writing the article and concepting the idea. MA, WI, and VH; collected the data. MBS and MRNA; analyzed the data. MHA drafted the manuscript. 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