Article Sidebar

Submitted
August 12, 2019
Published
August 12, 2019
Download
PDF JATS
Statistic
Read Counter : 509 Download : 56

Ahmad A. Aljarboo 1* , Faisal Alghamdi 1 , Abdullah Alzahrani 1 , Bandar Ali 1

Background

Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.[2][8] These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread.[8] Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss, and a change in bowel movements.[1] While these symptoms may indicate cancer, they can also have other causes.[1] Over 100 types of cancers affect humans.[8]

Tobacco use is the cause of about 22% of cancer deaths.[2] Another 10% are due to obesity, poor diet, lack of physical activity or excessive drinking of alcohol.[2][9][10] Other factors include certain infections, exposure to ionizing radiation, and environmental pollutants.[3] In the developing world, 15% of cancers are due to infections such as Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, human papillomavirus infection, Epstein–Barr virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).[2] These factors act, at least partly, by changing the genes of a cell.[11] Typically, many genetic changes are required before cancer develops.[11] Approximately 5–10% of cancers are due to inherited genetic defects.[12] Cancer can be detected by certain signs and symptoms or screening tests.[2] It is then typically further investigated by medical imaging and confirmed by biopsy.[13]

Case Report

The risk of developing certain cancers can be reduced by not smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, limiting alcohol intake, eating plenty of vegetables, fruits, and whole grains, vaccination against certain infectious diseases, limiting consumption of processed meat and red meat, and limiting exposure to sunlight.[14][15] Early detection through screening is useful for cervical and colorectal cancer.[16] The benefits of screening in breast cancer are controversial.[16][17] Cancer is often treated with some combination of radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy and targeted therapy.[2][4] Pain and symptom management are an important part of care.[2] Palliative care is particularly important in people with advanced disease.[2] The chance of survival depends on the type of cancer and extent of disease at the start of treatment.[11] In children under 15 at diagnosis, the five-year survival rate in the developed world is on average 80%.[18] For cancer in the United States, the average five-year survival rate is 66%.[5]

Figure 1.

Figure 1: EGD showing polypoid mass on the gastroesopha geal junction (A) with ulceration shown along the gastroe sophageal junction (B).

In 2015, about 90.5 million people had cancer.[6] As of 2019, about 18 million new cases occur annually.[19] Annually, it caused about 8.8 million deaths (15.7% of deaths).[7] The most common types of cancer in males are lung cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, and stomach cancer.[20] In females, the most common types are breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, and cervical cancer.[11]

Figure 2.

If skin cancer other than melanoma were included in total new cancer cases each year, it would account for around 40% of cases.[21][22] In children, acute lymphoblastic leukemia and brain tumors are most common, except in Africa, where non-Hodgkin lymphoma occurs more often.[18] In 2012, about 165,000 children under 15 years of age were diagnosed with cancer.[20] The risk of cancer increases significantly with age, and many cancers occur more commonly in developed countries.[11] Rates are increasing as more people live to an old age and as lifestyle changes occur in the developing world.[23] The financial costs of cancer were estimated at 1.16 trillion USD per year as of 2010.[24]

Figure 3.

When cancer begins, it produces no symptoms. Signs and symptoms appear as the mass grows or ulcerates. The findings that result depend on the cancer's type and location. Few symptoms are specific. Many frequently occur in individuals who have other conditions. Cancer can be difficult to diagnose and can be considered a "great imitator."[30]

Discussion

Local symptoms may occur due to the mass of the tumor or its ulceration. For example, mass effects from lung cancer can block the bronchus resulting in cough or pneumonia; esophageal cancer can cause narrowing of the esophagus, making it difficult or painful to swallow; and colorectal cancer may lead to narrowing or blockages in the bowel, affecting bowel habits. Masses in breasts or testicles may produce observable lumps. Ulceration can cause bleeding that can lead to symptoms such as coughing up blood (lung cancer), anemia or rectal bleeding (colon cancer), blood in the urine (bladder cancer), or abnormal vaginal bleeding (endometrial or cervical cancer). Although localized pain may occur in advanced cancer, the initial tumor is usually painless. Some cancers can cause a buildup of fluid within the chest or abdomen.[30]

Acknowledgements

None

Contributors

AAA, FA, AA, BA conceptualized and designed the study, acquired, and analyzed data, interpreted the study results, drafted the manuscript, and critically revised the final version of the manuscript.

Funding

No funding was received for this study.

Competing interests

No benefits in any form have been received or will be received from a commercial party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this article.

Availability of data and materials

Further information is available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Ethics approval

Not applicable.

Provenance and peer review

Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

Open access

This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work noncommercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/4.0/

Main Article Content

Abstract

This research is intended to investigate the relationship model between attention to privacy, trust and intention to disclose personal data. This study also adds intrinsic motivation in testing the effect of intrinsic motivation, namely the perception of comfort in the relationship.



This research was developed from a study of previous research models on the influence between attention to privacy, trust and intention to disclose personal data. There are at least two important things that distinguish this study from previous research. First, this research fills the gap of previous research where the object of research that examines these relationships tends to be done on sites with a transactional business model. Both of these studies examined the effect of moderation of intrinsic motivation, namely the perception of comfort in the model. Perez et al stated that in using social networking sites users tend to be driven by intrinsic needs, this is different from the context of transactional sites where the intended use tends to be driven by extrinsic motivation. The data collection method uses a survey whose object is specifically the users of the social networking site Facebook.com. Data collection techniques are done on a web-based basis. The instrument used is an instrument obtained from previous studies.



The response results amounted to 225 which are then processed by the author. Hypothesis testing applies a moderated regression analysis. The results of hypothesis testing support previous research on models of concern for privacy, trust and intention to disclose personal data. In testing the perception of comfort as a moderating variable, the authors found no influence of moderation on the relationship.

Article Details

License

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License

Copyright @2017. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial used, distribution and reproduction in any medium

How to Cite
Why presentation important for your journal. (2019). Journal of Child Behaviour, 1(1), 21-27. https://doi.org/10.1001/ojt.2009.2
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX

How to Cite

Why presentation important for your journal. (2019). Journal of Child Behaviour, 1(1), 21-27. https://doi.org/10.1001/ojt.2009.2

References

  1. Alexa.com. (2014, Mei 23). The top 500 sites on the web. Diperoleh Mei 2014, 2014, dari Alexa.com: http://www.alexa.com/topsites
  2. Awad, N. F. (2006). The Personalization Privacy Paradox: An Empirical Evaluation of Information Transparency and the Willingness to Be Profiled Online for Personalization. MIS Quarterly, Vol. 30, No. 1 pp. 13-28.
  3. Boyd, d. m., & Ellison, N. B. (2008). Social Network Sites: Definition, History and Scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication , 210–230.
  4. Brandeis, S. D. (1890). The Right to Privacy, Vol. 4, No. 5. Harvard Law Review , pp. 193-220.
  5. Burns, J., Scapens, R., & Turley, S. (Oct 1996; 74, 9). Some further thoughts on the changing practice of management accounting. Management Accounting , 58.
  6. Cashmore, P. (2009, September 12). RIP Facebook Beacon. Diperoleh Desember 18, 2013, dari Mashable: http://mashable.com/2009/09/19/facebook-beacon-rip/
  7. Chellappa, R. R., & Sin, R. G. (2005). Personalization versus privacy : An empirical examination of online consumer's Dillema. Information Technology and Management 6 , 181–202.
  8. Chiang, H.-S. (2013). Continuous usage of socials : The effect of innovation and gratification. Online Information Review Vol. 37 No. 6 , 851-87.
  9. Commission, F. T. (2011, November 29). Facebook Settles FTC Charges That It Deceived Consumers By Failing To Keep Privacy Promises. Diperoleh Mei 23, 2014, dari ftc.gov: http://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2011/11/facebook-settles-ftc-charges-it-deceived-consumers-failing-keep
  10. Culnan, M. J. ( (Sep., 1993)). "How Did They Get My Name?": An Exploratory Investigation of Consumer Attitudes toward. MIS Quarterly, Vol. 17, No. 3 , pp. 341-363.
  11. Culnan, M. J., & Armstrong, P. K. (January-February 1999). Information Privacy Concerns, Procedural Fairness, and Impersonal Trust: An Empirical Investigation. ORGANIZATION SCIENCE/ Vol, 10, No, 1 , pp. 104 - 115.
  12. Davis, F. B. (1992). Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation to Use Computers in the Workplace. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Vol 24 (No.14), 1111-1132.
  13. Davis, F. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13, 319-340.
  14. DeLone., & Mclean, E. (1992). The quest for the dependent variable. Information Systems Research, Vol. 3, No. 1 (MARCH 1992) , pp. 60-95.
  15. Dhami, A., Agarwal, N., Chakraborty, T. K., & Minj, B. P. (2013). Impact of trust, security and privacy concerns in social networking: An exploratory study to understand the pattern of information revelation in Facebook. 3rdIEEE International Advance Computing Conference (IACC).
  16. Dinev, T., & Paul, H. (2006). Internet Privacy Concerns and Social Awareness as Determinants of Intention to Transact. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 10, No. 2, Vol. 10 (No. 2), pp. 7-29.
  17. Dunfee, T. W., Smith, N. C., & Ross, W. T. (1999). Social Contracts and Marketing Ethics. Journal of Marketing, Vol. 63 (July) , 14 - 32.
  18. Dwyer, C., Hiltz, S. R., & Passerini, K. (2007). Trust and privacy concern within social networking sites:. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Americas Conference on Information Systems .
  19. Fabian, R. A. (1977). The Impact of Privacy Concerns on Business: An Overview. ABA NATIONAL INSTITUTE: "Freedom of Information: Sunshine and Privacy Laws: Impact on Business". The Business Lawyer, Vol. 34. American Bar Association.
  20. Facebook. (2013). Facebook Privacy Policy. Diperoleh September 14, 2013, dari Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/about/privacy
  21. Facebook.com. (2014, Mei 23). Company Info | Facebook. Diperoleh Mei 21, 2014, dari Facebook.com: http://newsroom.fb.com/company-info/
  22. Fagan, M. H., & Heill, S. (2008). Exploring the Intention to use computers An empirical investigation of Rules of intrinsic motivation and Extrinsic matiovation and perceived ease of use. The Journal of Computer Information Systems; Spring 2008; 48, 3; , 31.
  23. Ghozali, I. (2011). Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate Dengan Program IBM SPSS 19. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
  24. Hair Joseph F., W. C. (2009). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th Edition). Prentice Hall.
  25. Hann, I.-H., Hui, K.-L., & Png, S.-Y. T. (2007). Overcoming Online Information Privacy Concerns: An Information-Processing Theory. Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 24 (No. 2).
  26. Hart, T. D. (2006). Privacy Concerns and Levels of Information Exchange: An Empirical Investigation of Intended. e-Service Journal, Vol. 4, No. 3 , 25-60.
  27. Hartono, J. (2004). Metode Penelitian Bisnis : Salah Kaprah dan Pengalaman-pengalaman. Yogyakarta: BPFE.
  28. Hays, C. L. (2004, November). What Wal-Mart Knows About Customers' Habits. Diperoleh Mei 26, 2014, dari The New york Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/14/business/yourmoney/14wal.html?_r=0
  29. Hidayanto, A. N., & Hamzah Saifulhaq, P. W. (2012). Do Consumers Really Care on Risks in Online Shopping? An Analysis from Indonesian Online Consumers. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE ICMIT.
  30. Hill, K. (2013, Februari 27). Facebook Joins Forces With Data Brokers To Gather More Intel About Users For Ads. Diperoleh Mei 23, 2014, dari Forbes.com: http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2013/02/27/facebook-joins-forces-with-data-brokers-to-gather-more-intel-about-users-for-ads/
  31. Hong, W., Thong, J. Y., Wong, W.-M., & Kar-Yan. (2001-2002). Determinants of User Acceptance of Digital Libaries: An Empirical Examination of Individual Differences and System Characteristics. Journal of Management Information Systems , 97-124.
  32. Hwang, Y., & Kimb, D. J. (2007). Customer self-service systems: The effects of perceived Web quality with service contents on enjoyment, anxiety, and e-trust. Decision Support Systems Vol. 43 , 746–760.
  33. Jiang, X. (2011). Privacy Concern toward Using Social Networking Services: A Conceptual Model. Artificial Intelligence, Management Science and Electronic Commerce .
  34. Joseph, G., & George, A. (Winter 2005). Merging Management Accounting with Database Design. Management Accounting Quarterly , 34.
  35. Kaplan, J. (1991). Relevance Lost: The Raise and Fall of Management Accounting. Harvard Business School Press.
  36. Keller, G. (2011, Maret 21). Google Fined For Street View Privacy Breach. Diperoleh Desember 15, 2013, dari Huttingpost: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/21/google-fined-for-street-v_n_838323.html
  37. Kuang-Wen Wua, S. Y. (2012). The effect of online privacy policy on consumer privacy concern and trust. Computers in Human Behavior 28 , pp. 889–897.
  38. Levine, D. (2013, Agustus 26). U.S Judge approves Facebook Privacy Settlement over ads. Diperoleh Mei 23, 2014, dari Reuters News: http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/26/net-us-facebook-privacy-settlement-idUSBRE97P0VG20130826
  39. Lim, K. H., Sia, l. C., Lee, K. M., & Izak, B. (2006). Do I Trust You Online, and If so, Will I Buy? An Empirical Study of Two Trust-Building Strategies. Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 23, No. 2 (Fall, 2006), Vol 23 (No. 2 pp. 233-266), pp. 233-266.
  40. Lunden, I. (2012, Mei 8). $16B Should Cover It: Here’s The $15B Facebook Privacy Class Action Suit, And Facebook’s Response. Diperoleh Mei 23, 2014, dari TechCrunch: http://techcrunch.com/2012/05/18/16b-should-just-about-cover-it-heres-the-15b-privacy-class-action-complaint-against-facebook/
  41. Malhotra, N. K., Kim, S. S., & Agarwal, J. (2004). Internet Users' Information Privacy Concern (IUIPC): The Construct, the Scale and Causeal Model. Information Systems Research, 15 (4), pg. 336.
  42. McKnight, H. D., Cummings, L. L., & Chervany, N. L. (1998). Initial trust formation in new organizational relationships. Academy of Management Review, 23 (3 p. 473), Vol 23. No. 3 pg. 473-490.
  43. Metzger, J. M. (2004). Privacy, Trust, and Disclosure: Exploring Barriers to Electronic Commerce. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, vol. 9 (4).
  44. Nah, F. F.-H., Eschenbrenner, B., & Dewester, D. (2011). Enchancing Brand Equity Through Flow and Telepresence: A Comparison of 2D and 3D Virtual Worlds. MIS Quarterly Vol. 35 No. 3 , 731 - 747.
  45. Olson, P. (2014, Maret 24). Facebook Moves To Become The World's Most Powerful Data Broker. Diperoleh Mei 23, 2014, dari Forbes.com: http://www.forbes.com/sites/parmyolson/2014/04/30/facebok-moves-to-become-the-worlds-most-powerful-data-broker/
  46. Perez, R. C., Silvia, C. R.-M., & Sanz-Blas. (2013). Social network loyalty: evaluating the role of attitude, perceived risk and satisfaction. Online Information Review Vol. 37 No. 1, , pp. 61-82.
  47. Phelps, J., Nowak, G., & Ferrell, E. (2000). Privacy Concerns and Consumer Willingness to Provide Personal Information. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing Vol. 19, No. 1, Vol. 19, No. 1, 27-41.
  48. Roca, J. C., & Vega, J. J. (2009). The importance of perceived trust, security and privacy in online trading systems. Information Management & Computer Security Vol. 7 (No. 2).
  49. Ross, M. (2014, Februari 4). Facebook turns 10: the world's largest social network in numbers. Diperoleh April 20, 2014, dari ABC News: http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-02-04/facebook-turns-10-the-social-network-in-numbers/5237128
  50. Smith. (2013, Oktober 10). FBStalker and GeoStalker data mining tools can dig into your life. Diperoleh Mei 23, 2014, dari Network World: http://www.networkworld.com/community/blog/fbstalker-and-geostalker-data-mining-tools-can-dig-your-life
  51. Tan, X. a., & Hsu, K. a. (2012). Impact of privacy concern in social networking web sites. Internet Research Vol. 22 No. 2.
  52. Tao, Z. (2008). The Impact of Privacy Concern on M-commerce User Acceptance. The 3rd International Conference on Grid and Pervasive Computing - WorkshopsThe 3rd International Conference on Grid and Pervasive Computing - Workshops.
  53. Taylor, D. G., Davis, D. E., & Jillipalli, R. (2009). Privacy concern and online personalization: the moderationg effects of information control and compensation. Electron Commer Res Vol 9 (pp. 203-223).
  54. Taylor, L. D. (2012). A Note on The Harmful Effects of Multicollinearity. Tucson Journal , 1.
  55. Turel, O., & Serenko, A. (2012). The Benefits and dangers of enjoyment with social networking websites. European Journal of Information Systems Vol. 21 , pp. 512-528.
  56. Turel, O., Serenko, A., & Giles, P. (December 2011). Integrating Technology Addiction and Use: An Empirical Investigation of Online Auction Users. MIS Quarterly Vol. 35 No. 4 , pp. 1043-1061.
  57. Wirtz, J., & O.Lwin, M. (2007). Causes and Consequences of Consumer Online Privacy Concern. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 18 (No. 1), pp. 326-348.
  58. Wrangmo, L. H. (2013). Optimal ways for companies to use Facebook as a marketing channel. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society , 112-126.
  59. Wu, J., & Lu, X. (2013). Effects of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivators on Using Utilitarian, Hedonic, and Dual-Purposed Information Systems: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of The Associaton for Information Systems Volume 14, Issue 3, Vol. 13 (Issue 3, pp. 153-191,), pp. 153-191.
  60. Wu, K.-W., Huangb, S. Y., Yenc, D. C., & Popovad, I. (2012). The effect of online privacy policy on consumer privacy concern and trust. Computers in Human Behavior Vol. 28 , 889–897.
  61. Ziad Al-zubi, O. S. (Vol. 3 Issue.1 Maret 2014). The effect of Business Intelligence Tools on Raising the Efficiency of Modern Management Accounting. International Review of Management and Business Research , 68.